![]() The median and 99th percentile of dietary lycopene intake have been estimated to be 5.2 and 123 mg/d, respectively. Lycopene is not an essential nutrient for humans, but is commonly found in the diet mainly from dishes prepared from tomatoes. Lycopene dietary supplements (in oil) may be more efficiently absorbed than lycopene from food. Intestinal absorption of lycopene is enhanced by the presence of fat and by cooking. The bleach oxidizes the lycopene, thus allowing the product to dissolve.ĭiet Consumption by humans Ībsorption of lycopene requires that it be combined with bile salts and fat to form micelles. To remove this staining, the plastics may be soaked in a solution containing a small amount of chlorine bleach. Because of its non-polarity, lycopene in food preparations will stain any sufficiently porous material, including most plastics. It is insoluble in plain water, but it can be dissolved in organic solvents and oils. Lycopene is the pigment in tomato sauces that turns plastic cookware orange. The two terminal isoprene groups of lycopene can be cyclized to produce beta-carotene, which can then be transformed into a wide variety of xanthophylls. Through several desaturation steps, phytoene is converted into lycopene. Two molecules of this product are then condensed in a tail-to-tail configuration to give the 40-carbon phytoene, the first committed step in carotenoid biosynthesis. This is then condensed with three molecules of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (an isomer of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate), to give the 20-carbon geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. Synthesis begins with mevalonic acid, which is converted into dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. The unconditioned biosynthesis of lycopene in eukaryotic plants and in prokaryotic cyanobacteria is similar, as are the enzymes involved. Encapsulation increases chemical and thermal stability of lycopene molecules it also allows their isolation and individual characterization. Efficient energy transfer occurs between the encapsulated dye and nanotube-light is absorbed by the dye and without significant loss is transferred to the nanotube. ĭispersed lycopene molecules can be encapsulated into carbon nanotubes enhancing their optical properties. Lycopene is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, and xanthophylls. They are responsible for the bright orange–red colors of fruits and vegetables, perform various functions in photosynthesis, and protect photosynthetic organisms from excessive light damage. Lycopene is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of many carotenoids.Ĭarotenoids like lycopene are found in photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes in plants, photosynthetic bacteria, fungi, and algae. ![]() In human blood, various cis-isomers constitute more than 60% of the total lycopene concentration, but the biological effects of individual isomers have not been investigated. Different isomers were shown to have different stabilities due to their molecular energy (highest stability: 5-cis ≥ all-trans ≥ 9-cis ≥ 13-cis > 15-cis > 7-cis > 11-cis: lowest). When exposed to light or heat, lycopene can undergo isomerization to any of a number of cis-isomers, which have a bent rather than linear shape. Plants and photosynthetic bacteria naturally produce all- trans lycopene. Lycopene absorbs all but the longest wavelengths of visible light, so it appears red. Each extension in this conjugated system reduces the energy required for electrons to transition to higher energy states, allowing the molecule to absorb visible light of progressively longer wavelengths. In its natural, all- trans form, the molecule is long and straight, constrained by its system of 11 conjugated double bonds. ![]() Isolation procedures for lycopene were first reported in 1910, and the structure of the molecule was determined by 1931. It is a member of the carotenoid family of compounds, and because it consists entirely of carbon and hydrogen, is also classified as a carotene. Lycopene is a symmetrical tetraterpene, i.e. 3.1 Regulatory status in Europe and the United States.3 Research and potential health effects.
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